EES5053, fall 2006

http://www.utsa.edu/LRSG/

Course Review (Nov. 25)

Hongjie Xie

Earth and Environmental Science

University of Texas at San Antonio

 The EM spectrum is the heart of the class. If you understand EMR, you understand almost half of the remote sensing.

    1. EMR

1. Wave and particle model:
2. Source of EMR (M_blackbody = s T_kin⁴,  l_max=2897/ T_kin )
3. EMR and matter interactions (absorption, transmission or refraction, scattering, reflection), path
4. Spectral reflectance and albedo

    2. Remote sensing platforms

1. Ground, Airplane, Satellite
2. Advantages and disadvantages
3. Sun-synchronous polar, non-Sun-synchronous, geostationary.

    3. Photogrammetry (0.3-1.0 mm)

1. Camera
2. 1 or 4 bands
3. Two important filters: Haze (remove UV), Yellow (remove blue and UV)
4. Vantages points
5. Orthophotos (due to resolution change s = f/h)

    4. Detector configurations

1. Discrete detectors and scanning mirrors, Linear array, Area array
2. Across track and along track
3. Dwell time
4. FOV and IFOV

    5. Resolutions

1. Spatial, spectral, radiometrical, temporal
2. Pixel, pixel value, pixel location

    6. Passive remote sensing (Sun, Earth, or atmosphere)

1. Multi-spectral (0.4-2.5 µm): Landsat, MODIS, AVHRR

2. Hyperspectral (0.4-2.5 µm): AVIRIS, Hyperion

3. Thermal (3-5, 8-14, 6-50 µm):

(1)   all material emit thermal energy (T_rad, T_kin, e)

(2)   remote sensor (T_B, T or land surface temperature, Planck equation)

             d.   Microwave (0.034 cm - 4.3 cm): Atmosphere, ocean, and land emit microwave energy

                                 (1) 89 GHz, 36.5 GHz, 22.2 GHz, 18.7 GHz, 10.7 GHz (X), 6.9 GHz (C)

                                 (2) SSM/I (Special Sensor Mirowave/Imager)

                                 (3) TMI (TRMM Microwave Imager)

                                 (4) AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - EOS)

                                        - Snow depth and snow water equivalent

                                        - Radio-frequency interference (RFI)

                                 (5) Advantages and disadvantages           

    7. Active remote sensing (energy from sensor)

1. Radar (0.75 cm - 1 m - 231 m)

(1)   Azimuth, look, range, depression angle, polarization

(2)   R_a, R_r

(3)   Roughness, penetration ability, shadow, speckle, banding

(4)   Real Aperture Radar (1 - 11 m)

        - NEXRAD (8.5m antenna, S-band, 10 cm, 3 GHz),

        - TRMM PR (2.1m antenna, Ku-band, 2.17 cm, 13.796 and 13.802 GHz)

(5)   Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) (600 m - 15 km)

        - SIR-A, B, C; JERS-1; ERS-1; RADARSAT; AIRSAR/TOPSAR (C band to P band)

(6) Others

        - GPR (75 cm, 400 MHz; 3 m, 100 MHz)

        - SHARAD (15 m, 20 MHz, up to 1 km deep)

        - MARSIS (55 m-231 m, 5.5 MHz - 1.3 MHz, up to 2.5 km deep)

(7)   InSAR (elevation and surface displacement; one SAR two antennas, one SAR in different times) (interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)

(8) Advantages

2. Lidar (0.3-0.4, 0.4-0.7, 0.7-1.1)

(1)   Ranger finders (elevation)

(2)   DIAL (gas concentration)

(3)   Doppler (velocity of a target)

(4)   Raman (gases species)

    8. Image processing related

1. Byte, integer, floating
2. Image stored as raster
3. BSQ, BIP, BIL
4. Band math, statistics, link, gray or color image (true- or false-color), spectral curve and spectral library
5. Atmospheric correction, radiance, reflectance, NDVI
6. Radiance, brightness temperature
7. Geometric correction
8. Image enhancement and sharpening
9. Unsupervised and supervised classification
10. Pixel based and object-oriented based classification
11. Hard and fuzzy classification
12. Post classification and GIS
13. Change detection
14. 3D view by draping image and vector overlaying DEM