BIOLOGY (BIO) COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
NOTE: All prerequisites for Biology (BIO) courses must be completed with a grade of “C” or better.
1033 Drugs and Society [TCCN: PHED 1346.]
(3-0) 3 hours credit.
An examination of licit and illicit drugs and their biosocial effects. Topics include pharmacology of alcohol, stimulants, hallucinogens, addiction, and abuse. May be applied toward the Core Curriculum requirement in World Society and Issues.
1122 Laboratory Investigations in Biology [TCCN: BIOL 1106.]
(0-6) 2 hours credit.
Introduction to the tools, techniques, and topics of modern experimental biology. (Formerly BIO 1212. Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 1122 and BIO 1212.)
1153 Sexuality and Health
(3-0) 3 hours credit.
Basic concepts of human reproduction, contraception, pregnancy, abortion and venereal disease including their inter-relationships to health.
1233 Contemporary Biology I [TCCN: BIOL 1308.]
(3-0) 3 hours credit.
This is the first course in a two-part introduction to the science of biology for non-majors. This course focuses on the chemical basis of life, principles of inheritance, principles of evolution and biodiversity. May be applied toward the Level I Core Curriculum requirement in science.
1243 Contemporary Biology II [TCCN: BIOL 1309.]
(3-0) 3 hours credit.
This is the second course in a two-part introduction to the science of biology for non-majors. This course focuses on evolution, animal and plant physiology, and ecology. May be applied toward the Level II Core Curriculum requirement in science.
1404 Biosciences I [TCCN: BIOL 1406.]
(4-0) 4 hours credit.
This is the first course in a two-part introduction to the science of biology for students majoring in biology or interested in pre-health professions. Topics include biochemistry, cell biology, genetics and evolution. The course includes a mandatory one-hour recitation per week. May be applied toward the Level I Core Curriculum requirement in science. (Formerly BIO 1113 and BIO 1203. Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 1404 and BIO 1113 or BIO 1203.)
1413 Biosciences II [TCCN: BIOL 1307.]
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 1404.
This is the second course in a two-part introduction to the science of biology for students majoring in biology or allied health sciences (AHS). Topics include evolutionary diversity, plant structure and function, animal structure and function and ecology. May be applied toward the Level II Core Curriculum requirement in science. (Formerly
BIO 1143 and BIO 1223. Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 1413 and BIO 1143 or BIO 1223.)
2003 Biology of Human Reproduction
(3-0) 3 hours credit.
An in-depth look at human reproductive anatomy, physiology, and behavior. Topics to be considered include anatomy, sex differentiation, neuroendocrine physiology, conception and development, birth control, and sexually transmitted diseases. (Formerly BIO 1023. Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 2003 and BIO 1023.)
2123 Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 1413. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 2132 is recommended.
A detailed study of anatomical differences and similarities of vertebrates with reference to evolutionary changes.
2132 Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 2123 is recommended.
2313 Genetics [TCCN: BIOL 2316.]
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 1413, CHE 1103, and PSY 2073 or STA 1053 or STA 1404. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 2322 is recommended.
Principles governing transmission of hereditary factors in plants and animals, with emphasis on molecular biochemical and population genetics.
2322 Genetics Laboratory
(1-4) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 2313 is recommended.
Laboratory applications of the concepts presented in BIO 2313.
3003 Introduction to Marine Biology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313.
An introduction to the physio-chemical factors that affect the biology of marine organisms.
3013 Introduction to Clinical Medicine and Pathology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313 is recommended.
Introduction to concepts of human disease, diagnosis, and underlying pathology. (Formerly titled Introductory Pathology.)
3033 Human Physiology and Performance
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3413 or AHS 2103.
A systematic application of physiological principles to human equipment and space to improve adaptation and performance in the work environment.
3063 Invertebrate Biology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 2313 and BIO 3413.
A comprehensive study of the invertebrates with emphasis on their diversity, morphology, ecology, and evolution.
3083 Biosocial Genetics
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: STA 1404 and consent of instructor.
A study of human heredity and social issues, with emphasis on inherited diseases, genetic problems, and evolutionary change in relation to culture, diversity, and mating systems.
3103 Biotechnology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313.
An introduction to recent advances in biology related to biotechnology. Discussion of how advances might be used to promote basic research in medicine, agriculture, and other industries.
3163 Histology and Cytology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3172 is recommended.
The cytological and histological aspects of cellular organization.
3172 Histology and Cytology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3163 is recommended.
Microscopic study of tissues and organs. Basic techniques to prepare tissues will be studied.
3213 Animal Behavior
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313 or consent of instructor.
A detailed study of animal behaviors and their biological determinants.
3263 The Woody Plants
(2-3) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.
A study of the woody plants emphasizing the characteristics of family, genus, and species. Includes identification of the common woody plants. Leaf, stem, and flower morphology, anatomy, and collecting techniques. Lecture, laboratory, and fieldwork will be included as part of the course.
3273 Biology of Flowering Plants
(2-3) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.
A study of the wildflowers of Texas emphasizing identification of the more common wildflowers, as well as family characteristics, flower anatomy, plant morphology, and plant-collecting techniques will be included. Lecture, laboratory, and fieldwork will be included as part of the course.
3283 Principles of Ecology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313 or consent of instructor. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3292 is recommended for biology majors.
A study of the interaction of organisms with their environment, with focus on ecological principles, adaptations of organisms, environmental pollution, and principles of conservation.
3292 Principles of Ecology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3283 is recommended.
A field-oriented course emphasizing modern ecological techniques, including examinations of plant and animal populations and measurement of selected chemical and physical parameters.
3323 Evolution
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313.
A discussion of theories and possible mechanisms for evolutionary changes at various levels of organization.
3333 Plants and Society
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 1413.
The importance of plants and plant-derived products to human health and well being through the provision of food, pharmaceuticals, and other important natural products. (Formerly BIO 2343. Credit cannot be earned for both
BIO 3333 and BIO 2343).
3343 Plant Cell Biology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313.
A comprehensive study of the molecular structures and functions of plant cells and their integration into the whole plant system. (Formerly titled Plant Sciences.)
3413 Physiology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 2313, CS 1173, PHY 1603 or PHY 1943 and completion of or concurrent enrollment in PHY 1623 or PHY 1963. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3422 is recommended.
Fundamental principles of homeostatic operation, regulation, and integration from the cellular to the organismal level including how deviations from the normal range of tolerance can lead to various pathophysiologic states. Emphasis is placed on the quantitative modeling and characterization of physiological systems. (Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 3413 and AHS 2103.)
3422 Physiology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3413 is recommended.
Laboratory applications of concepts presented in BIO 3413. (Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 3422 and
AHS 2111.)
3433 Neurobiology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3413. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3442 is recommended.
Anatomy and physiology of nervous systems; the mechanisms of neuronal functions.
3442 Neurobiology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3433 is recommended.
A laboratory course emphasizing principles presented in BIO 3433.
3513 Biochemistry
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: CHE 2604 and CHE 2612; BIO 2313 is recommended. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3522 is recommended.
Introduction to biochemistry: amino acids, protein structure, enzymes, lipids, metabolism, nucleic acid structure, bioenergetics, and carbohydrates. (Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 3513 and CHE 4303.)
3522 Biochemistry Laboratory
(1-4) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3513 is recommended.
Basic biochemical laboratory techniques: titration, protein purification, enzyme kinetics, chromatography, electrophoresis, and centrifugation.
3613 The Biology of Aging
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313.
The biological principles of human life and health; changes that occur with aging and their implications for the lives of students and their families.
3623 Neuropsychopharmacology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313; BIO 3413 and BIO 3433 are recommended.
A study of the pharmacology of drugs that affect the function of the central nervous system. Topics include drug-receptor interactions, drugs of abuse, and drugs used to treat mental illness.
3663 Human Embryology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313; BIO 2123 is recommended.
Development of the human embryo from fertilization to the birth of the fetus. The origin of various tissues and organs will be followed during development. Environmental and genetic factors that can alter development will be discussed.
3713 Microbiology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3722 is recommended.
A comprehensive study of microorganisms, including their composition, morphology, growth, metabolism, classification, ecology, and significance in disease. (Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 3713 and AHS 1053.)
3722 Microbiology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3713 is recommended. Immunodeficient and pregnant students must contact the Coordinator, Microbiology Teaching Labs, for additional instructions prior to the class start date. (Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 3722 and AHS 1061.)
3733 Industrial Microbiology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3713 and BIO 3722.
A study of genetic engineering of industrial microorganisms, industrial fermentation methodologies, quality control, and biotransformations used for the microbial manufacture of foods, beverages, antibiotics, enzymes, single-cell proteins, and industrial chemicals.
3743 Bacteriology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313.
A study of the phylogeny of prokaryotes; structure and function of prokaryotic cells; ecology and physiological diversity of prokaryotes; growth and control of microorganisms; genetics of bacteria and bacteriophages; bacteria as agents of disease; antibacterials and other chemotherapeutics; human applications of microbiology, microbial genomics and principles of microbial biotechnology.
3813 Cellular Biology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3513. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3822 is recommended.
A study of cellular function with relation to structure from the microscopic to the molecular level.
3822 Cellular Biology Laboratory
(1-4) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 3813 is recommended.
3913 Molecular Biology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3413, BIO 3513, and CHE 2604.
A study of nucleotides, DNA, replication, recombination, RNA, transcription, genetic code, translation, genomes, and chromosomes.
3922 Molecular Biology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 2313, BIO 3413, CHE 2604 and CHE 2612. Completion of or current enrollment in BIO 3913 is recommended.
Techniques, including isolation of DNA and RNA, restriction enzyme digestion, working with plasmids, detection of specific sequences by Southern or Northern blotting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase-PCR and basics of gene cloning.
4023 Environmental Toxicology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3413.
Environmental toxicants will be studied in terms of carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, actions on physiological processes, and impact on environmental systems.
4033 Conservation Biology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3283.
The class topics will include studying the nature of the biosphere, threats to its integrity, and ecologically sound responses to these threats. Also included will be the origin and preservation of biotic diversity, how the rich variety of plant and animal life around us arose, how it has been maintained by natural processes, and how we can prevent its destruction.
4043 Desert Biology
(2-3) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3283 and BIO 3292.
A study of the deserts of the world with an emphasis on U.S. deserts. Adaptations of plants and animals and their responses to desert conditions, as well as examinations of desert climatic patterns, geology, and natural history. Lecture, laboratory, and fieldwork will be included.
4053 Wildlife Biology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3283.
An introduction to wildlife biology and management including ecological principles dealing with ecosystems, natural communities, and populations. The importance of animal behavior, the availability of food, cover, wildlife diseases, predators, hunting, and trapping will be included. Field studies will allow students to observe and apply classroom topics.
4063 Ornithology
(2-3) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3283.
A course covering various aspects of the biology of birds, including anatomy, physiology, systematics, evolution, behavior, ecology, and biogeography. Field trips will be included.
4073 Law, Ethics, and the Life Sciences
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: Junior or senior status, or consent of instructor.
Current societal issues which require an understanding of biology (e.g., stem cell research, assisted suicide, abortion, reproductive options, global warming, Intelligent Design, etc.) are considered.
4083 Entomology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3413 and BIO 3513, or consent of instructor.
Insect taxonomy and systematics, evolution, anatomy, physiology, reproduction, development and ecology.
4143 Developmental Biology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4152 is recommended.
Overview of developmental biology focusing on the origins of classical concepts as well as modern molecular approaches. Emphasis will be placed on the mechanisms underlying developmental processes using both invertebrate and vertebrate examples. Subjects include axis formation, induction, morphogenesis, embryonic pattern formation, cell differentiation, and organogenesis. (Formerly BIO 3143. Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 4143 and
BIO 3143.)
4152 Developmental Biology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4143 is recommended.
Laboratory applications of concepts presented in BIO 4143. (Formerly BIO 3152. Credit cannot be earned for both BIO 4152 and BIO 3152.)
4203 Plant Ecology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3283 and BIO 3292, or consent of instructor. Concurrent enrollment in
BIO 4221 is recommended.
A study of the major biomes of North America and Texas, including the chemical, physical, and biological factors that influence the development of these biomes.
4221 Plant Ecology Laboratory
(0-3) 1 hour credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4203 is recommended.
Provides the opportunity for field-oriented study to examine qualitative and quantitative methods and evaluate plant communities.
4233 Field Biology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313 or consent of instructor. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4241 is recommended.
A study of the natural history of plants and animals in their native environment. Techniques for the identification of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and the dominant flowering plants will be discussed.
4241 Field Biology Laboratory
(0-3) 1 hour credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4233 is recommended.
A field-oriented course offering the opportunity for practical experience observing, collecting, and identifying Texas plants and animals.
4333 Population Genetics
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313.
A quantitative approach to the study of genetics systems in populations, including mutations, selection, polymorphism, and mating systems.
4343 Molecular Genetics
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 2313. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4352 is recommended.
Application of recombinant DNA techniques to the study of animals and plants in industry, medicine, and research.
4352 Molecular Genetics Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 2313 and BIO 2322. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4343 is recommended.
A laboratory course emphasizing techniques for cloning, sequencing, and analyzing recombinant DNA molecules.
4353 Comparative Animal Physiology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3413 and BIO 3422.
A phylogenetic study of physiologic adaptation in animals.
4362 Marine Biology Field Trip
(2-0) 2 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3003, BIO 3063, and BIO 3413; or consent of instructor.
Field and laboratory methods employed in marine biology. Samples collected from weekend field trip to the University of Texas Marine Station at Port Aransas will be identified and analyzed for various biologic and physico-chemical parameters.
4453 Endocrinology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3413 and BIO 3513. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4462 is recommended.
Molecular, cellular and physiological effects of hormones in health and disease. Topics include molecular mechanisms of hormone action in reproductive physiology, growth and development as well as defects in hormonal regulation underlying clinically important syndromes (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis and cancer).
4462 Endocrinology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4453 is recommended.
A laboratory course emphasizing principles presented in BIO 4453.
4473 Advanced Clinical Medicine and Pathology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3013 or consent of instructor.
Advanced concepts of human disease, diagnosis, and underlying pathology.
4483 Medical Mycology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3713 and BIO 3722.
Comprehensive study of causative agents, pathogenesis, and treatment of human fungal diseases.
4493 Molecular Mycology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3713 and BIO 3722.
An examination of the basic concepts of fungal biology at the molecular level and the insights into fundamental biological processes derived from their study.
4523 Intermediary Metabolism
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3513 and BIO 3522.
A detailed consideration of metabolic pathways and energy metabolism and their regulation.
4543 Bioinformatics
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 2313 and CS 1173.
Computational analysis of nucleotide sequences, protein structures and large-scale gene expression networks. Comparative genomics, functional genomics, and proteomics will also be covered.
4573 Sensory Perception
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3413 and BIO 3442; or consent of instructor.
A study of the neurophysiological and anatomical features of the major sensory systems and how sensations generated by these systems are transformed into perceptions within the brain.
4583 The Computational Brain
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3433 and CS 1173.
Principles of cellular neurophysiology and neuroanatomy are used to explore the computational operations performed by neurons and network of neurons.
4592 Advanced Neurobiology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4593 is required.
Instruction and hands-on training in techniques of in-vitro electrophysiology, neural modeling, cell culture, and molecular neurobiology.
4593 Advanced Neurobiology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3433 and BIO 3442. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4592 is required.
A lecture-seminar course with an emphasis on current topics in neurophysiological, neurocomputational, cellular and molecular biological research.
4623 Plant Responses to Biotic Stress
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3343.
Study of the biotic sources of stress and their effects on plants with an emphasis on the biochemical, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying stress responses.
4643 Medicinal Plants
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3513; BIO 3413 is recommended.
Ethnobotanical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects of some of our most important plant-derived drugs.
4663 Plant Development
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3343. BIO 3513 is recommended.
A study of the growth and development of plants, with an emphasis on the hormonal control of plant development.
4723 Virology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3513.
Introduction to the molecular, genetic and host-cell related aspects of viral structure, replication, pathogenesis and evolution.
4743 Immunology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3513 and BIO 3522, or BIO 3713 and BIO 3722. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4752 is recommended.
A study of the properties of antigens and antibodies and current concepts of humoral and cell-mediated immunity and the cells involved.
4752 Immunology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4743 is recommended.
Laboratory applications of principles presented in BIO 4743.
4763 Parasitology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3713 and BIO 3722. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4772 is recommended.
A study of the animal parasites of humans and related hosts, with emphasis on their epidemiology, life cycles, pathology, and control.
4772 Parasitology Laboratory
(0-6) 2 hours credit. Concurrent enrollment in BIO 4763 is recommended.
Laboratory applications of principles presented in BIO 4763.
4813 Brain and Behavior
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: BIO 3413 is recommended, or consent of instructor.
Basic physiological functions of the brain and how they relate to behavior.
4823 Cognitive Neuroscience
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 3413, BIO 3433 and BIO 4813 (or PSY 3103 and PSY 4183), or consent of instructor.
A study of the biological foundations of mental phenomena, including perception, attention, learning, memory, language, motor control, and executive function, as well as functional specialization, development and plasticity, through various methodologies.
4911-3 Independent Study
1 to 3 hours credit. (Hours arranged.) Prerequisite: Permission in writing (form available) from the instructor, the student’s advisor, and the Department Chair and Dean of the College in which the course is offered.
Independent reading, research, discussion, and/or writing under the direction of a faculty member. May be repeated for credit, but no more than 6 semester credit hours of BIO 4911-3, in combination with BIO 4923 and BIO 4991-3, regardless of discipline, will apply to a bachelor’s degree.
4923 Laboratory Research: Biology Concentrations
3 hours credit. Prerequisite: Permission in writing (form available in the Biology Department Office) from the faculty mentor, the student’s advisor, Department Chair and Dean of the College.
Supervised laboratory research mentored by a faculty member engaged in active research within the student’s designated area of concentration. May be repeated for credit, but no more than 6 semester credit hours of BIO 4923, in combination with BIO 4911-3 and BIO 4991-3, regardless of discipline, will apply to a bachelor’s degree.
4951-3 Special Studies in Biology
(1-0, 2-0, 3-0) 1 to 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.
An organized course offering the opportunity for specialized study not normally or not often available as part of the regular course offerings. Special Studies may be repeated for credit when the topics vary, but not more than 6 semester credit hours, regardless of discipline, will apply to a bachelor’s degree.
4963 Seminar in Biology
(3-0) 3 hours credit. Prerequisite: Minimum of 20 semester credit hours in biological sciences.
An undergraduate seminar surveying selected biological topics through presentation and discussion of relevant contemporary research and literature. May not be repeated for credit. Limited to biology majors in their junior or senior year.
4972 MBRS-MARC Symposium
(2-0) 2 hours credit. Prerequisites: BIO 1404 or concurrent enrollment; CHE 1103; or consent of instructor.
A course involving presentations at the frontiers of chemistry, biochemistry, biophysics, and biology, including genetics, microbiology, physiology, and other areas. Course may be repeated for credit, but not more than 6 semester credit hours may be applied to a bachelor’s degree.
4991-3 Honors Research
1 to 3 hours credit. (Hours arranged.) Enrollment limited to biology majors who are members of the University Honors College and who are in their last two semesters of study. Approval by the University Honors College is required.
Supervised research and preparation of a University Honors Thesis. May be repeated once with approval. No more than 6 semester credit hours of BIO 4991-3, in combination with BIO 4911-3 and BIO 4923, regardless of discipline, will apply to a bachelor’s degree.