The effect of grazing by cattle, mowing, and prescribed fire on native milkweed was conducted on pastureland in the Blackland Prairie ecoregion. The effect of seasonal mowing and seasonal burns on native milkweed was conducted on hay/pastureland in the Post Oak Savanna ecoregion.

The following factors were measured:

• Number of milkweeds
• Number of stems
• Amount of damage from monarch larvae
• Number of monarch eggs and larvae