EES5053/GEO4093, fall 2008

http://www.utsa.edu/LRSG/

Course Review (Dec 1)

Hongjie Xie

Department of Geological Sciences

The University of Texas at San Antonio

    1. Remote sensing platforms

1. Ground, Airplane, Satellite
2. Advantages and disadvantages
3. Sun-synchronous polar orbits, non-Sun-synchronous, geostationary.

    2. Detector configurations

1. Discrete detectors and scanning mirrors, Linear array, Area array
2. Across track and along track
3. Dwell time
4. FOV and IFOV (milliradian or mrad)

    3. Resolutions

1. Spatial, spectral, radiometrical, temporal
2. Pixel, pixel value, pixel location

    4. EMR

1. Wave and particle model:
2. Source of EMR (M_blackbody = s T_kin⁴,  l_max=2897/ T_kin )
3. EMR and matter interactions (absorption, transmission or refraction, scattering, reflection), path
4. Spectral reflectance and albedo
5. Solid angle (steradian or sr)
6. Radiance (Wm^-2um^-1sr^-1)

    5. Photogrammetry (0.3-1.0 mm)

1. Camera
2. 1 or 4 bands
3. Two important filters: Haze (remove UV), Yellow (remove blue and UV)
4. Vantages points
5. Orthophotos (due to resolution change s = f/h)

    6. Passive remote sensing (Sun, Earth, or atmosphere)

1. Multi-spectral (0.4-2.5 µm): Landsat, MODIS, AVHRR

2. Hyperspectral (0.4-2.5 µm): AVIRIS, Hyperion

3. Thermal (3-5, 8-14, 6-50 µm):

(1)   all material emit thermal energy (T_rad, T_kin, e)

(2)  emissivity

(3)   remote sensor (T_B, T or land surface temperature, Planck equation)

             d.   Microwave (0.034 cm - 6 cm): Atmosphere, ocean, and land emit microwave energy

                                 (1) 89 GHz, 36.5 GHz, 22.2 GHz, 18.7 GHz, 10.7 GHz (X), 6.9 GHz (C)

                                 (2) SSM/I (Special Sensor Mirowave/Imager)

                                 (3) TMI (TRMM Microwave Imager)

                                 (4) AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - EOS)

                                        - Snow depth and snow water equivalent

                                        - Radio-frequency interference (RFI)

                                 (5) Advantages and disadvantages           

    7. Active remote sensing (energy from sensor)

1. Radar (0.75 cm - 1 m - 231 m)

(1)   Azimuth, look, range, depression angle, incidence angle, polarization

(2)   R_a, R_r

(3)   Backscatter coefficient, roughness, penetration ability, shadow, speckle, banding

(4) Nonimaging radar:

        - Trafic police use handheld Doppler radar system

        - Plan position indicator (PPI) radars, such as NEXRAD (8.5m antenna, S-band, 10 cm, 3 GHz),

(5)   Imaging radar

        - Real Aperture Radar (1 - 11 m)

                - TRMM PR (2.1m antenna, Ku-band, 2.17 cm, 13.796 and 13.802 GHz)

        - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) (600 m - 15 km)

                - SIR-A, B, C; JERS-1 (L band); ERS-1 (C band); RADARSAT (C band); AIRSAR/TOPSAR (C band to P band)

(6) Other imaging radar systems

        - GPR (75 cm, 400 MHz; 3 m, 100 MHz)

        - SHARAD (15 m, 20 MHz, up to 1 km deep)

        - MARSIS (55 m-231 m, 5.5 MHz - 1.3 MHz, up to 2.5 km deep)

(7)   InSAR (elevation and surface displacement; one SAR two antennas, one SAR in different times) (interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)

(8) Advantages

2. Lidar (0.3-0.4, 0.4-0.7, 0.7-1.1)

(1)   Ranger finders (elevation)

(2)   DIAL (gas concentration)

(3)   Doppler (velocity of a target)

(4)   Raman (gases species)

    8. Image processing related

1. Byte, integer, floating
2. Image stored as raster
3. BSQ, BIP, BIL
4. Band math, mask and mask building, statistics, link, gray or color image (true- or false-color), spectral curve and spectral library
5. Atmospheric correction, radiance, reflectance, NDVI
6. Radiance, brightness temperature
7. Geometric correction
8. Image enhancement and sharpening
9. Unsupervised and supervised classification
10. Pixel based and object-oriented based classification
11. Hard and fuzzy classification
12. Post classification and GIS
13. Change detection
14. 3D view by draping image and vector overlaying DEM